Ginger inhibits the invasion of ovarian cancer cells SKOV3 through CLDN7, CLDN11 and CD274 m6A methylation modifications.

BACKGROUND: Ginger is a common aromatic vegetable with a wide range of functional ingredients and considerable medicinal and nutritional properties. Numerous studies have shown that ginger and its active ingredients have suppressive effects on manifold tumours, including ovarian cancer (OC). However, the molecular mechanism by which ginger inhibits OC is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the function and mechanism of ginger in OC. METHODS: The estimation of n6-methyladenosine (m6A) levels was performed using the m6A RNA Methylation Quantification Kit, and RT-qPCR was used to determine the expression of m6A-related genes and proteins. The m6A methylationome was detected by MeRIP-seq, following analysis of the data. Differential methylation of genes was assessed utilizing RT-qPCR and Western Blotting. The effect of ginger on SKOV3 invasion in ovarian cancer cells was investigated using the wound healing assay and transwell assays. RESULTS: Ginger significantly reduced the m6A level of OC cells SKOV3. The 3'UTR region is the major site of modification for m6A methylation, and its key molecular activities include Cell Adhesion Molecules, according to meRIP-seq results. Moreover, it was observed that Ginger aids significantly in downregulating the CLDN7, CLDN11 mRNA, and protein expression. The results of wound healing assay and transwell assay showed that ginger significantly inhibited the invasion of OC cells SKOV3. CONCLUSIONS: Ginger inhibits ovarian cancer cells' SKOV3 invasion by regulating m6A methylation through CLDN7, CLDN11, and CD274.

The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale L.) liquid extract on growth, immune response, antioxidant defence mechanism, and general health of Holstein calves.

This study was carried out to examine the effects of ginger liquid extract (GLE) on the growth, immune response, antioxidative defence mechanism, and general health of Holstein calves. Sixteen calves (4-d old) were included in the experiment and randomly assigned to groups, and they were fed whole milk containing GLE at a rate of 0, 0.50, 0.72, and 1% of the milk amount consumed. Calves consuming 1% GLE were weaned at an earlier age and gained better body weight (BW) compared to the other groups. The group fed with 0.50% GLE consumed less daily starter than the other groups. The administration of GLE resulted in a non-significant decrease in fecal score (FS), the number of days with diarrhea (DDN), and illness (IDN) among the calves. Notably, the 1% GLE exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli, while its effect on the growth of other pathogenic bacteria was not statistically significant. Despite the non-significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidative status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) values, the 1% GLE demonstrated support for antioxidative defence mechanism and immune response. The results indicated that 1% GLE can be effective in promoting the health of calves by enhancing their immune response and antioxidant capacity. This suggests that incorporating 1% GLE into their overall well-being, potentially leading to improved health outcomes and performance in calf rearing operations.

Residue levels, processing factors and risk assessment of pesticides in ginger from market to table.

Ginger is consumed as a spice and medicine globally. However, pesticide residues in ginger and their residue changes during processing remain poorly understood. Our results demonstrate that clothianidin, carbendazim and imidacloprid were the top detected pesticides in 152 ginger samples with detection rates of 17.11-27.63%, and these pesticides had higher average residues of 44.07-97.63 µg/kg. Although most samples contained low levels of pesticides, 66.45% of the samples were detected with pesticides, and 38.82% were contaminated with 2-5 pesticides. Peeling, washing, boiling and pickling removed different amounts of pesticides from ginger (processing factor range: 0.06-1.56, most <1). By contrast, pesticide residues were concentrated by stir-frying and drying (0.50-6.45, most >1). Pesticide residues were influenced by pesticide physico-chemical parameters involving molecular weight, melting point, degradation point and octanol-water partition coefficient by different ginger processing methods. Chronic and acute dietary risk assessments suggest that dietary exposure to pesticides from ginger consumption was within acceptable levels for the general population. This study sheds light on pesticide residues in ginger from market to processing and is of theoretical and practical value for ensuring ginger quality and safety.

Effect of Aromatic Herbs and Spices Present in the Mediterranean Diet on the Glycemic Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is the dietary pattern par excellence for managing and preventing metabolic diseases, such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM). The MedDiet incorporates spices and aromatic herbs, which are abundant sources of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of all aromatic herbs and spices included in the MedDiet, such as black cumin, clove, parsley, saffron, thyme, ginger, black pepper, rosemary, turmeric, basil, oregano, and cinnamon, on the glycemic profile in T2DM subjects. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for interventional studies investigating the effect of these aromatic herbs and spices on the glycemic profile in T2DM subjects. RESULTS: This systematic review retrieved 6958 studies, of which 77 were included in the qualitative synthesis and 45 were included in the meta-analysis. Our results showed that cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, black cumin, and saffron significantly improved the fasting glucose levels in T2DM subjects. The most significant decreases in fasting glucose were achieved after supplementation with black cumin, followed by cinnamon and ginger, which achieved a decrease of between 27 and 17 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: Only ginger and black cumin reported a significant improvement in glycated hemoglobin, and only cinnamon and ginger showed a significant decrease in insulin.

Zingiber Officinale Roscoe: The Antiarthritic Potential of a Popular Spice-Preclinical and Clinical Evidence.

The health benefits of ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) have been known for centuries. Recently, ginger root has gained more attention due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Many of the bioactive components of ginger may have therapeutic benefits in treating inflammatory arthritis. Their properties seem especially helpful in treating diseases linked to persistent inflammation and pain, symptoms present in the course of the most prevalent rheumatic diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This review analyzes the current knowledge regarding ginger's beneficial anti-inflammatory effect in both in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical trials. The drug delivery systems to improve ginger's bioavailability and medicinal properties are discussed. Understanding ginger's beneficial aspects may initiate further studies on improving its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy and achieving more a comprehensive application in medicine.

Integrative Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals Potential Target Genes and PTEN Signaling in Breast Cancer and Effect of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) and Allium sativum (Garlic) extract on It.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. The construction of a competing gene network is an important step in the identification of the role of hub genes in breast cancers. In the current research, we used a number of bioinformatics tools to construct this network in breast cancer and investigated the combined effect of garlic and ginger on mice model of breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We chose female mice weighing 18-20 g that were divided into 7 groups including; the cancer group receiving normal saline, different doses of ginger extract (100 and 500 mg/kg), different doses of garlic (50 and 100 mg/kg), tamoxifen (10 mg/ kg) and simultaneous garlic (100 mg/kg) and ginger (500 mg/kg) for 3 weeks intraperitoneal. Then we anesthetized the mice, isolated the tumor, and determined its size. Glutathione reductase and peroxidase levels and HER2, PTEN, and Cullin3 genes expression were measured. RESULTS: We identified 20 hub genes for breast cancer. In animal phase we found that tumor size in all mice receiving garlic and ginger showed a significant decrease compared to the control. Glutathione reductase showed a significant increase in all groups, especially in ginger 500 and combined groups. Glutathione peroxidase increased almost in all groups, especially in ginger 500. Expression of HER2 decreased in all treated groups. Expression of PTEN increased just in the combined group. CONCLUSION: Taken together, we introduce a number of novel promising diagnostic biomarkers for breast cancer. The use of garlic and ginger in the treatment of cancer can be useful. This action is probably through the antioxidant mechanism, and regulation of the expression of cancer related genes such as PTEN.

The Effects of Body Fat Reduction through the Metabolic Control of Steam-Processed Ginger Extract in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing globally due to behavioral and environmental changes. There are many therapeutic agents available for the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, but the data on their efficacy and safety are lacking. Through a pilot study by our group, Zingiber officinale rhizomes used as a spice and functional food were selected as an anti-obesity candidate. In this study, steam-processed ginger extract (GGE) was used and we compared its efficacy at alleviating metabolic syndrome-related symptoms with that of conventional ginger extract (GE). Compared with GE, GGE (25-100 µg/mL) had an increased antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro. GGE was better at suppressing the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and promoting glucose utilization in C2C12 cells than GE. In 16-week high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice, GGE (100 and 200 mg/kg) improved biochemical profiles, including lipid status and liver function, to a greater extent than GE (200 mg/kg). The supplementation of HFD-fed mice with GGE (200 mg/kg) resulted in the downregulation of SREBP-1c and FAS gene expression in the liver. Collectively, our results indicate that GGE is a promising therapeutic for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Effect of ginger and P6 acupressure on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of ginger with P6 acupressure in preventing and treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in cancer patients. METHOD: A total of 172 participants were randomly divided into the control, ginger, acupressure, and joint groups, who were hospitalized in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from February and September 2022. The baseline characteristics, nausea, vomiting, and retching, benefit finding, functional living index-emesis, treatment satisfaction, and adverse reaction, were used in data collection. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in benefit finding and adverse reactions among the four groups (P > 0.05). Ginger significantly improved delayed CINV and function living index-nausea (P < 0.05) but had no significant effect on acute CINV, retching, and delayed vomiting, functional living index-emesis, and treatment satisfaction (P>0.05). Acute nausea and retching, delayed nausea, vomiting, and retching, functional living index-emesis, and treatment satisfaction were effectively improved in the acupressure and joint groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Ginger with P6 acupressure may contribute to improving CINV in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Extraction of High Value Products from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger) and Utilization of Residual Biomass.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) is a plant from the Zingiberaceae family, and its extracts have been found to contain several compounds with beneficial bioactivities. Nowadays, the use of environmentally friendly and sustainable extraction methods has attracted considerable interest. The main objective of this study was to evaluate subcritical propane (scPropane), supercritical CO2 (scCO2), and supercritical CO2 with ethanol (scCO2 + EtOH) as co-solvent methods for the extraction of high value products from ginger. In addition, the reuse/recycling of the secondary biomass in a second extraction as a part of the circular economy was evaluated. Both the primary and the secondary biomass led to high yield percentages, ranging from 1.23% to 6.42%. The highest yield was observed in the scCO2 + EtOH, with biomass prior used to scCO2 extraction. All extracts presented with high similarities as far as their total phenolic contents, antioxidant capacity, and chemical composition. The most abundant compounds, identified by the two different gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems present, were a-zingiberene, ß- sesquiphellandrene, a-farnesene, ß-bisabolene, zingerone, gingerol, a-curcumene, and γ-muurolene. Interestingly, the reuse/recycling of the secondary biomass was found to be promising, as the extracts showed high antioxidant capacity and consisted of significant amounts of compounds with beneficial properties.

Ginger polysaccharide alleviates the effects of acute exposure to carbonate in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) by regulating immunity, intestinal microbiota, and intestinal metabolism.

Alkaline stress poses a significant challenge to the healthy growth of fish. Ginger polysaccharide (GP) is one of the main active substances in ginger and has pharmacological effects, such as anti-oxidation and immune regulation. However, the physiological regulatory mechanism of GP addition to diet on alkalinity stress in crucian carp remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of dietary GP on antioxidant capacity, gene expression levels, intestinal microbiome, and metabolomics of crucian carp exposed to carbonate (NaHCO3). The CK group (no GP supplementation) and COG group (NaHCO3 stress and no GP supplementation) were set up. The GPCS group (NaHCO3 stress and 0.4% GP supplementation) was stressed for seven days. Based on these data, GP significantly increased the activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in carp under alkalinity stress (p < 0.05) and decreased the activity of malon dialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05). GP restored the activity of GSH-PX, ACP, and AKP to CK levels. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor ß (TGF-ß), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) genes were decreased, and the expression levels of determination factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) genes were increased (p < 0.05). Based on 16 S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, GP improved the changes in the intestinal microbial diversity and structural composition of crucian carp caused by NaHCO3 exposure. In particular, GP increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes and decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria. The metabolic response of GP to NaHCO3 exposed crucian carp guts was studied using LC/MS. Compared to the COG group, the GPCS group had 64 different metabolites and enriched 10 metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. The addition of GP to feed can promote galactose metabolism and provide an energy supply to crucian carp, thus alleviating the damage induced by alkalinity stress. In conclusion, GP can mitigate the effects of NaHCO3 alkalinity stress by regulating immune function, intestinal flora, and intestinal metabolism in crucian carp. These findings provide a novel idea for studying the mechanism of salt-alkali tolerance in crucian carp by adding GP to feed.

Preparation, characterization and drug release properties of pH sensitive Zingiber officinale polysaccharide hydrogel beads.

The aim of this study was to prepare a drug carrier that could deliver oral insulin to the intestine. A hydrogel beads composed of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Zingiber offtcinale polysaccharide (ZOP) and chitosan (CS) were prepared by ionic gel method as insulin carrier. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric (TGA) showed that the hydrogel was formed by metal ion coordination between ZOP and CMC and Fe3+, and CS was coated on the surface of the hydrogel ball in the form of non covalent bond. The results showed that the swelling process of hydrogel spheres has significant pH sensitivity. In addition, the hydrogel beads successfully coated insulin, and the drug loading rate (DL) of (ZOP/CMC-Fe3+)@CS could reach 69.43 ± 7.32 mg/g, and the entrapment efficiency (EE) could reach 66.94 ± 7.43 %. In vitro release experiments, the release rate of (CMC/ZOP-Fe3+)@CS in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) for 2 h was <20 %, and the cumulative release rate of insulin after 9 h in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) reached over 90 %. The results showed that the hydrogel beads prepared in this work could be used as a potential carrier for delivering oral insulin.

Persimmon preservation using edible coating of chitosan enriched with ginger oil and visualization of internal structure changes using X-ray computed tomography.

The incorporation of ginger oil (GO) influenced the physical, optical, and structural properties of the chitosan (CH) film including the decreases of moisture content (60.15 %), water solubility (35.37 %) and water vapor permeability (WVP) (32.79 %) and the increases of tensile strength (TS) (125 %), elongation at break (EAB) (2.74 %) and opacity (131.08 %). Antifungal capacity of the CH film was enhanced when GO was added to the film. The CH + GO film showed a less homogeneous surface that the presence of the oil droplets on the film surface. Moreover, the CH and CH + GO coatings reduced weight loss of persimmon by 14.87 %, and 21.13 %, respectively, compared to the control. Moisture content loss of the coated CH- and the coated CH + GO- persimmons was decreased by 1.94 % and 4.92 %, respectively, compared to that of the control persimmon. Furthermore, the CH and CH + GO coatings decreased in color changes, respiration rate, ethylene production, changes in pH and TSS, and remained firmness of persimmon during storage at 25 °C. In addition, X-ray CT images can be used to monitor internal changes and observe the tissue breakdown during storage period. The ΔGS value can be used as a predictor of persimmon internal qualities. Thus, the CH film containing GO can be applied as an active packaging material.

Genome-wide characterization and function analysis of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) ZoGRFs in responding to adverse stresses.

Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) play crucial roles in plant growth, development, hormone signaling, and stress response. Despite their significance, the roles of GRFs in ginger remain largely unknown. Herein, 31 ginger ZoGRFs were identified and designated as ZoGRF1-ZoGRF31 according to their phylogenetic relationships. All ZoGRFs were characterized as unstable, hydrophilic proteins, with 29 predicted to be located in the nucleus. Functional cis-elements related to growth and development were enriched in ZoGRF's promoter regions. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that ZoGRF12, ZoGRF24, and ZoGRF28 were highly induced in various growth and development stages, displaying differential regulation under waterlogging, chilling, drought, and salt stresses, indicating diverse expression patterns of ZoGRFs. Transient expression analysis in Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that overexpressing ZoGRF28 regulated the transcription levels of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and pattern-triggered immunity-related genes, increased chlorophyll content and contributed to reduced disease lesions and an increased net photosynthetic rate. This research lays the foundation for further understanding the biological roles of ZoGRFs.

Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles from Zingiber officinale extract: antioxidant potential, biocompatibility, anti-LOX properties, and in silico analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Zingiber officinale extract has emerged as a compelling candidate for green synthesis of nanoparticles, offering diverse applications across medicine, cosmetics, and nutrition. This study delves into the investigation of in vitro toxicity and explores the biomedical utility of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles derived from ginger extract (GE-AgNPs). METHODS: We employed established protocols to evaluate in vitro aspects such as antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory potential, and biocompatibility of GE-AgNPs. Additionally, molecular docking was employed to assess their anti-lipoxygenase (anti-LOX) activity. RESULTS: Our findings highlight that the extraction of ginger extract at a pH of 6, utilizing a cosolvent blend of ethanol and ethyl acetate in a 1:1 ratio, yields heightened antioxidant capacity attributed to its rich phenolic and flavonoid content. In the context of silver nanoparticle synthesis, pH 6 extraction yields the highest quantity of nanoparticles, characterized by an average size of 32.64 ± 1.65 nm. Of particular significance, GE-AgNPs (at pH 6) demonstrated remarkable efficacy in scavenging free radicals, as evidenced by an IC50 value of 6.83 ± 0.47 µg/mL. The results from the anti-LOX experiment indicate that GE-AgNPs, at a concentration of 10 µg/mL, can inhibit LOX activity by 25%, outperforming ginger extract which inhibits LOX by 17-18%. Notably, clionasterol exhibited higher binding energy and enhanced stability (-8.9 kcal/mol) compared to nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Furthermore, a cell viability study confirmed the safety of GE-AgNPs at a concentration of 17.52 ± 7.00 µg/mL against the L929 cell line. CONCLUSION: These comprehensive findings underscore the significant biomedical advantages of GE-AgNPs and emphasize their potential incorporation into cosmetic products at a maximum concentration of 10 µg/mL.

Zingiber officinale Root Capsule Extract Synergistically Enhance the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Diclofenac Sodium in Experimental Acute Inflammation.

The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) root capsule extract (GRCE) in doses of 100 mg/kg b.w. (body weight) and 200 mg/kg b.w. alone and in combination with a low dose (5 mg/kg b.w.) of diclofenac sodium (D) on carrageenan-induced acute inflammation (AI). The association of GRCE in a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. with D offered the highest inhibition percentage for edema, reaching the maximum level of inhibition (95%) after 24 h. The association of GRCE in a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. with D showed the ability to reduce tissue inflammatory changes when compared to D alone, while GRCE alone did not exhibit such properties. The association of both doses of GRCE with D showed significantly lower plasma and tissue levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) by up to 55% (p ≤ 0.0317), with the best results obtained by the group who received GRCE in the higher dose. These associations reduced the serum and tissue levels of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX-2) by up to 71% (p ≤ 0.0371). In conclusion, the association of GRCE with a low dose of D could be an appropriate combination to decrease the dose used to reduce serum and tissue levels of inflammatory molecules, edema, and histological changes in acute inflammation. Further research will be necessary to achieve clinical evaluation.

Ameliorative Effects of Zingiber officinale Rosc on Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Improvement in Intestinal Function.

The global increase in antibiotic consumption is related to increased adverse effects, such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). This study investigated the chemical properties of Zingiber officinale Rosc (ZO) extract and its ameliorative effects using a lincomycin-induced AAD mouse model. Intestinal tissues were evaluated for the expression of lysozyme, claudin-1, and α-defensin-1, which are associated with intestinal homeostasis. The cecum was analyzed to assess the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The chemical properties analysis of ZO extracts revealed the levels of total neutral sugars, acidic sugars, proteins, and polyphenols to be 86.4%, 8.8%, 4.0%, and 0.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the monosaccharide composition of ZO was determined to include glucose (97.3%) and galactose (2.7%). ZO extract administration ameliorated the impact of AAD and associated weight loss, and water intake also returned to normal. Moreover, treatment with ZO extract restored the expression levels of lysozyme, α-defensin-1, and claudin-1 to normal levels. The decreased SCFA levels due to induced AAD showed a return to normal levels. The results indicate that ZO extract improved AAD, strengthened the intestinal barrier, and normalized SCFA levels, showing that ZO extract possesses intestinal-function strengthening effects.

Effect of subcritical water temperature on the chain conformation and immune activity of ginger polysaccharides.

In this study, the ginger polysaccharides extracted from hot water (HW-G) were modified with subcritical water (SW-G) to effectively regulate their immune activity, and the relationship between polysaccharide chain conformation and immune activity at different subcritical water temperatures was investigated. The results indicated that, compared with HW-G, the xylose and mannose were degraded at high temperatures. The molecular weight of ginger polysaccharide decreased from 1.083 × 106 g/mol to 3.113 × 105 g/mol after subcritical water modification (100-160 °C). The chain conformation transitioned from rigid rod chain to semi-rigid chain and eventually to random coil. The degree of relaxation of the polysaccharide chains showed a continuous increase trend. Additionally, ginger polysaccharide modified by subcritical water at 130 °C was found to promote the proliferation and phagocytosis of 264.7 cells more obviously and signally increase the secretion levels of NO, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1ß. When the subcritical water temperature exceeds 130 °C, the activity of ginger polysaccharide begins to decline rapidly. These findings demonstrate a close correlation between polysaccharide chain conformation and immunomodulatory activity, confirming the feasibility of the subcritical water temperature effect as a means of immune activity regulation, which opens up a new approach to obtaining highly active polysaccharides.

Effect of ginger supplementation on the fecal microbiome in subjects with prior colorectal adenoma.

Ginger has been associated with a decreased incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) through reduction in inflammatory pathways and inhibition of tumor growth. Recent pre-clinical models have implicated changes in the gut microbiome as a possible mediator of the ginger effect on CRC. We hypothesized that, in adults previously diagnosed with a colorectal adenoma, ginger supplementation would alter the fecal microbiome in the direction consistent with its CRC-inhibitory effect. Sixty-eight adults were randomized to take either ginger or placebo daily for 6 weeks, with a 6-week washout and longitudinal stool collection throughout. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing and evaluated changes in overall microbial diversity and the relative abundances of pre-specified CRC-associated taxa using mixed-effects logistic regression. Ginger supplementation showed no significant effect on microbial community structure through alpha or beta diversity. Of 10 pre-specified CRC-associated taxa, there were significant decreases in the relative abundances of the genera Akkermansia (p < 0.001), Bacteroides (p = 0.018), and Ruminococcus (p = 0.013) after 6-week treatment with ginger compared to placebo. Ginger supplementation led to decreased abundances of Akkermansia and Bacteroides, which suggests that ginger may have an inhibitory effect on CRC-associated taxa. Overall, ginger supplementation appears to have a limited effect on gut microbiome in patients with colorectal adenomas.

Use of ginger extract and bacterial inoculants for the suppression of Alternaria solani causing early blight disease in Tomato.

Early blight (EB), caused by Alternaria solani, is a serious problem in tomato production. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria promote plant growth and inhibit plant disease. The present study explored the bio-efficacy of synergistic effect of rhizobacterial isolates and ginger powder extract (GPE) against tomato EB disease, singly and in combination. Six fungal isolates from symptomatic tomato plants were identified as A. solani on the basis of morphological features i.e., horizontal septation (6.96 to 7.93 µm), vertical septation (1.50 to 2.22 µm), conidia length (174.2 to 187.6 µm), conidial width (14.09 to 16.52 µm), beak length (93.06 to 102.26 µm), and sporulation. Five of the twenty-three bacterial isolates recovered from tomato rhizosphere soil were nonpathogenic to tomato seedlings and were compatible with each other and with GPE. Out of five isolates tested individually, three isolates (St-149D, Hyd-13Z, and Gb-T23) showed maximum inhibition (56.3%, 48.3%, and 42.0% respectively) against mycelial growth of A. solani. Among combinations, St-149D + GPE had the highest mycelial growth inhibition (76.9%) over the untreated control. Bacterial strains molecularly characterized as Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus and were further tested in pot trials through seed bacterization for disease control. Seeds treated with bacterial consortia + GPE had the highest disease suppression percentage (78.1%), followed by St-149D + GPE (72.2%) and Hyd-13Z + GPE (67.5%). Maximum seed germination was obtained in the bacterial consortia + GPE (95.0 ± 2.04) followed by St-149D + GPE (92.5 ± 1.44) and Hyd-13Z + GPE (90.0 ± 2.04) over control (73.8 ± 2.39) and chemical control as standard treatment (90.0 ± 2). Ginger powder extracts also induce the activation of defence-related enzymes (TPC, PO, PPO, PAL, and CAT) activity in tomato plants. These were highly significant in the testing bacterial inoculants against A. solani infection in tomato crops.

Ginger-derived bioactive compounds attenuate the Toll-like receptor mediated responses of human dendritic cells.

Ginger has been used for thousands of years for the treatment of many illnesses, from nausea to migraines. Recently, an interest has grown in ginger compounds in the context of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases due to their significant anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, the effects and mechanism of action of these phytochemicals in human immune cells, particularly in dendritic cells (DCs) are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol, the major compounds found in ginger rhizome, on the functionality of primary human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). Here we report for the first time that 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol dampen the immunogenicity of human DCs by inhibiting their activation, cytokine production and T cell stimulatory ability. In particular, the bioactive compounds of ginger dose-dependently inhibited the upregulation of activation markers, and the production of different cytokines in response to synthetic Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Moreover, both compounds could significantly reduce the Escherichia coli-triggered cytokine production and T cell stimulatory capacity of moDCs. We also provide evidence that the ginger-derived compounds attenuate DC functionality via inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB (NF-kB), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascades. Further, 6-shogaol but not 6-gingerol activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathways that might contribute to its anti-inflammatory action. Altogether, our results indicate that ginger-derived phytochemicals exert their anti-inflammatory activities via multiple mechanisms and suggest that 6-shogaol is more potent in its ability to suppress DC functionality than 6-gingerol.